Obstetrics and gynecology are the two surgical–medical specialties dealing with the female reproductive organs in their pregnant and non-pregnant state, respectively, and as such are often combined to form a single medical specialty and postgraduate training program. This combined training prepares the practicing OB/GYN to be adept at the surgical management of the entire scope of clinical pathology involving female reproductive organs, and to provide care for both pregnant and non-pregnant patients. Obstetrician/gynecologist is a physician specialist who provides medical and surgical care to women and has particular expertise in pregnancy, childbirth, and disorders of the reproductive system. This includes preventative care, prenatal care, detection of sexually transmitted diseases, Pap test screening, and family planning. An obstetrician is a medical doctor who specializes in the management of pregnancy, labor, and birth. Obstetricians also receive specialized education in the health of the female reproductive system and surgical care. Much of their education focuses on the detection and management of obstetrical and gynecological problems. An obstetrician/gynecologist, commonly abbreviated as OB/GYN, can serve as a primary physician and often serve as consultants to other physicians. OB/GYNs can have private practices, work in hospital or clinic settings, and maintain teaching positions at university hospitals. OB/GYNs may also work public health and preventive medicine administrations. OB/GYNs have a broad base of knowledge and can vary their professional focus. Many develop unique practices, providing high-quality health care for women. OB/GYNs may choose to specialize in the following areas: An obstetrician closely monitors their patient's health during pregnancy and delivery. They diagnose fetus abnormalities or health issues of their patient and offer healthy living advice and treatment. They see their patients on a regular basis for health consultations, ultrasounds and any of their patient's prenatal medical needs including forming a birth plan. The frequency of a patient's check up often depends on risk factors and resources. Gynecology is a branch of medicine specializing in the disorders of the female reproductive system. Modern gynecology deals with menstrual disorders, menopause, infectious disease and development of the reproductive organs, disturbances of the sex hormones, benign and malignant tumor formation, and the prescription of contraceptive devices. A branch of gynecology, reproductive medicine, deals with infertility and utilizes artificial insemination and in-vitro fertilizations, a human egg fertilized in a test tube, and then implanted into the womb. Some gynecologists also practice obstetrics. Surgical gynecology began to make progress in the 19th century, when the introduction of anesthesia and antisepsis (see antiseptic) paved the way for many advances. The American physician J. M. Sims was largely responsible for gaining acceptance of gynecology as a medical and surgical specialty. Until then there had been opposition to it on moral grounds from midwives, the clergy and the medical profession.

Comorbid Drug Abuse and Mental Illness

When two disorders or illnesses occur simultaneously in the same person, they are comorbid. Surveys show that drug abuse and other mental illnesses are often comorbid. Six out of ten people with a substance abuse disorder may also suffer from another form of mental illness. The high prevalence of comorbidities does not mean that one condition causes the other, even if one appears first. Drug abuse can cause a mental illness. Mental illness can lead to drug abuse. Common risk factors cause drug abuse and mental disorders.

Physical Medicine

Physical medicine and rehabilitation involves the management of disorders that alter the function and performance of the patient. Emphasis is on the optimization of function through the combined use of medications, physical modalities, physical training with therapeutic exercise, movement and activities modification, adaptive equipment and assistive device, orthotics, prosthesis, and experiential training approaches. Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation physicians may use electro-diagnostics, which are to provide nervous system functional information for diagnosis and prognosis for various neuromuscular disorders. The common electro diagnostic tests performed by physiatrists are nerve conduction studies and needle electromyographies. The nerve conduction study involves electrical stimulation to peripheral nerves, and the nerves' responses including such things as onset latency, amplitude, and conduction velocity. Needle electromyography requires needle electrode insertion into the muscles to detect the electrical potential generated from muscle fibers. Abnormal electrical potentials, such as fibrillation potential or positive sharp waves, detected by needles indicate the presence of muscle fibers that have abnormal nerve supplies. Common conditions that are by physiciaans include amputation, spinal cord injury, sports injury, and stroke, musculoskeletal pain syndromes such as low back pain, fibromyalgia, and traumatic brain injury. Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation involves optimizing function in those afflicted with heart or lung disease. Chronic pain management is through a multidisciplinary approach involving psychologists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, chiropractors, and interventional procedures when indicated. In addition to the previous methodology, stroke treatment is often with the help of a speech therapist and recreational therapist when possible.

Pedicure

A pedicure is a way to improve the appearance of the feet and their nails. It provides a similar service as a manicure. The word pedicure refers to superficial cosmetic treatment of the feet and toenails and comes from the Latin words pedis, which means "of the foot," and cura, which means "care." A pedicure can help prevent nail diseases and nail disorders. Pedicures are not just limited to nails; a pedicurist removes dead skin cells on the bottom of feet using a rough pumice stone. Additionally, leg care below the knee is a common and now expected service included in pedicures. Leg care includes depilation via either shaving or waxing followed by granular exfoliation, application of moisturizing creams and a brief leg massage. The pedicure industry began to grow in 2000. There were approximately 50,000 nail salons located throughout the United States in 2000. There were 100,000 nail salons in 2009. The growth of full-service salons drove this increase. People have been pedicuring their nails for more than 4,000 years. In southern Babylonia, noblemen used solid gold tools to give themselves manicures and pedicures. The use of fingernail polish even started earlier. Originating in China in 3,000 BC, nail color indicated one’s social status, according to a Ming Dynasty manuscript; royal fingernails were painted black and red. Ancient Egyptians have been manicuring all the way back to 2300 BC. A depiction of early manicures and pedicures was on a carving from a pharaoh’s tomb, and the Egyptians paid special attention to their feet and legs. The Egyptians also colored their nails, using red to indicate the highest social class.