Patient-physician rapport is one of the most important factors in preventing sub-optimal results in plastic surgery. Excellent rapport begins with a thorough consultation. An accurate health history, along with a detailed physical examination, reveals the problem and possible treatment options. Communication between patient and surgeon includes a comprehensive description of the benefits and risks of each treatment option. A discussion of ideal breast implant size is important for each patient. Breast and chest measurements, as well as patient preference, play a significant role in implant size selection. Other variables to discuss include incision site for insertion of the implants, location of the implant under or over the muscle, and breast implant shape. All of these decisions together minimize the risk for sub-optimal results in plastic surgery. In patients seeking liposuction, excellent physician-patient communication and trust motivates patients to change their lifestyles prior to any surgery. A healthy diet, along with an appropriate exercise routine, increases the body's metabolism and leads to far better results than liposuction alone. Explanation of body proportion avoids impractical expectations. Rhinoplasty patients need to convey their exact desired nose to their plastic surgeon. The perfect method to convey an ideal nose is to bring photos of other noses patients envision having as their own. Excellent physician-patient rapport is perhaps most important in revision plastic surgery procedures. With goals of improving an imperfect result, surgeons and patients must really discuss all treatment options as well as their risks, benefits and limitations. Patient-physician communication is not only essential in selecting the ideal treatment choice, but also in avoiding surgery all together at times. The best outcome of detailed discussions during plastic surgery consultations is the avoidance of unnecessary procedures. Excellent surgeons are not only determined by their technical skills, but also their ability to decide when not to operate. Repeat consultations with plastic surgeons will aid patients in developing the physician rapport necessary in achieving ideal surgical outcomes or avoiding unnecessary surgery all together.

Behavioral Therapies

Behavioral therapies are helpful to addicts in the following ways: by motivating people to participate in drug treatment offer strategies for coping with drug cravings; teaching addicts ways to avoid drugs and prevent relapse; and helping individuals deal with relapse if it occurs. Behavioral therapies can also help people improve communication, relationships and parenting skills, as well as aid family dynamics. Many treatment programs employ both individual and group therapies. Group therapy offers social reinforcement and helps enforce behavioral contingencies that promote abstinence and a lifestyle without drugs. Some physicians employ established behavioral treatments, like contingency management and cognitive behavioral therapy, in group settings to improve efficiency and cost-effectiveness. However, particularly with adolescents with addictions, there is a danger of iatrogenic or inadvertent effects of group treatment. Because behavioral therapies address different aspects of addiction, combinations of treatments and medications may be more effective than either approach alone. Doctors administer treatments for drug abuse and addiction in many different settings through a variety of behavioral and pharmacological approaches.

Medical Device

A medical device is a product used for medical purposes in patients, in diagnosis, therapy or surgery. Medicinal products achieve their principal action by pharmacological, metabolic or immunological, medical devices act by other means like physical, mechanical, physio-chemical or chemical means. Medical devices are a part of medical technology. Medical devices include a wide range of products varying in complexity and application. The Food and Drug Administration recognizes three classes of medical devices based on the level of control necessary to assure the safety and effectiveness of the devices. Class I devices are subject to the least regulatory control. "General Controls" apply to all Class I, II and III devices. General controls include provisions that relate to adulteration; misbranding; device registration and listing; pre-market notification; banned devices; notification, including repair, replacement, or refund; records and reports; restricted devices; and good manufacturing practices. Class I devices are not intended for use in supporting or sustaining life or to be of substantial importance in preventing impairment to human health, and they may not present a potential unreasonable risk of illness or injury. Most Class I devices are exempt from the pre-market notification and/or good manufacturing practices regulation. Class II devices are those for which general controls alone are insufficient to assure safety and effectiveness, and existing rules provide such assurances. In addition to complying with general controls, Class II devices are also subject to special controls. A few Class II devices are exempt from pre-market notification [10]. Special controls may include particular labeling requirements, mandatory performance standards and post-market surveillance. The FDA holds Class II medical devices to a higher level of assurance than Class I devices, as Class II devices must perform as indicated without causing injury or harm to patient or user. Examples of Class II devices include powered wheelchairs, infusion pumps and surgical drapes. A Class III device is one for which insufficient information exists to assure safety and effectiveness solely through the general or special controls sufficient for Class I or Class II devices. Such a device needs pre-market approval, a scientific review to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the device, and is subject to all the general controls of Class I devices. The FDA classifies Class III devices as those that support or sustain human life and are of substantial importance in preventing impairment of human health, or which present a potential, unreasonable risk of illness or injury. Examples of Class III devices (which currently require a pre-market notification) include implantable pacemaker pulse generators and endosseous implants.

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Surgical Cosmetic

Cosmetic surgery enhances one's appearance through surgical and medical techniques by maintaining normal appearance, restoring it or enhancing it beyond the average and towards the aesthetic ideal. Cosmetic surgery reshapes normal structures of the body in order to improve the appearance and self-esteem of the patient. Reconstructive surgery corrects abnormal structures of the body, caused by congenital defects, developmental abnormalities, trauma, infection, tumors or disease. It improves functions, but may also approximate a normal appearance. Minimally invasive cosmetic procedures are non-surgical treatments used to reduce the appearance of facial lines, remove unwanted hair and even out skin pigmentation.